http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends TurfGrass Trends is a monthly journal of practical research on technical turfgrass management topics, including golfcourse design and maintenance, turfgrass cultivars, turfgrass diseases and turfgrass pests, as well as best-management practices for professional turfgrass managers. Authors include top university researchers in the science of turfgrass management. 2010-02-09T11:27:58Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/Unyielding-to-Herbicides/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/650229?ref=25 We've all heard about antibiotic-resistant, flesh-eating bacteria resulting from the overuse of common antibiotics. We've heard about insects, like mosquitoes, that are now resistant to common insecticides. But how many people know that weeds can become resistant to certain herbicides in the same way? What causes resistance to develop, and why should anyone in the turfgrass industry care? 2009-12-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/022010/650229null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/Rock-and-Rolling/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/650231?ref=25 In the 1970s, several rock bands gained fame with the release of live albums. Kiss gained the national spotlight when Gene Simmons yelled to the crowd, "I want to rock and roll all night and party every day," prior to initiating the song on the 1975 "Alive" album. Cheap Trick gained stardom with the release of "At Budokan" in 1978 primarily based upon the distinctive manner in which singer Robin Zander states, "I want you to want me." 2009-12-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/022010/650231null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/The-Origin-of-Turfgrass/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/650232?ref=25 Turfgrass is an important part of the landscape throughout the world. Golf is a popular activity in tropical, semitropical and temperate regions. This is true because turfgrasses exist that are well-adapted to both hot and cold climates. But as every superintendent knows, no one grass performs well under both of these conditions. 2009-11-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/022010/650232null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turfgrass+Varieties/Velvet-Bentgrass-And-Sustainable-Golf/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/650230?ref=25 Tough economic times and increasing environmental regulations are causing golf course superintendents to look for more sustainable management practices. Part of the answer may lie in using grasses that require less inputs. 2009-11-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/022010/650230null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Overseeding/Exploring-the-Ecology-Behind-Springtime-Turfgrass-/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/645146?ref=25 In order to provide prime playing conditions throughout the winter, golf courses and sports fields in the southern United States frequently overseed warm-season turf with cool-season species such as annual and perennial ryegrass. 2009-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/492009/645146null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Overseeding/Timing-is-Everything-With-Spring-Transition/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/645145?ref=25 Whether you like it or not, overseeding bermudagrass is a necessity for some golf course superintendents and athletic field managers. Clientele using the overseeded playing surface see the result of much time and effort through early spring and summer without fully realizing the agronomic and financial sacrifice associated with the practice of overseeding. Most often, establishing the overseeded grass is the easy part. But failure to remove overseeded perennial ryegrass weakens bermudagrass extensively and disrupts uniformity and playability of fairways and athletic fields. 2009-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/492009/645145null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/Drubbing-Grubs-Naturally/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/630612?ref=25 The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, was first detected in Riverton, N.J., in 1916. It's believed this insect was accidentally introduced in infested nursery stock from Japan. Since then it has expanded its range, continuing to be a pest of ornamentals and turfgrass. 2009-09-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/402009/630612null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/Know-Your-Enemy/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/630613?ref=25 If you happen to be a historian, you're aware that carefully studying and understanding the enemy have won many major battles. Knowing what to expect and when to expect it are the basic rules of warfare. This knowledge helps overcome vast numbers and superior weapons. 2009-09-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/402009/630613null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Crowding-Out-Poa/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/617475?ref=25 Golf course superintendents are all too familiar with Poa annua and the increased management inputs associated with managing Poa annua compared to creeping bentgrass. Therefore, interseeding creeping bentgrass into Poa annua is a goal superintendents have tried to achieve for years, often ending in frustration. 2009-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322009/617475null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/The-Great-Rake-Debate/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/617473?ref=25 In or out? That has been the basic question ever since bunker rakes came into popularity about 70 years ago. However, there is the partially-in and partially-out option. My term for this is the "propped position." It's amazing I can write an entire article about bunker positioning, but it's an important topic. So, let's get to all you want to know about bunker rakes and some basic physics. 2009-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322009/617473null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Golfdom-Media-Planner-2009/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/615872?ref=25 Golfdom Media Planner 2009 2009-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322009/615872null PDF http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/Golf-Ball-Mark-Recovery-Affected-by-Surface-Firmne/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/617476?ref=25 Unrepaired golf ball marks can leave localized necrotic scars, raised turf prone to mower scalping, loss of surface smoothness and the potential for weed (Poa annua) encroachment (Beard, 2002). 2009-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322009/617476null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/Achieving-Solid-Soil-Structure-Is-Keystone-to-Heal/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/617474?ref=25 Walking around on a perfectly manicured golf course, it's easy to forget most of the plant is below ground. It almost goes without saying that proper soil management is vital in turf management. 2009-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322009/617474null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Improving-Foliar-Fertilization-of-Turf/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/609406?ref=25 What are the merits of foliar fertilization in turf-management programs? Foliar fertilization, not to be confused with liquid applications or fertigation, has been proposed as an efficient and environmentally safe method of supplying nutrient elements to turf, especially intensively managed turf (Middleton, 2001; Liu et al, 2008; Totten et al., 2008). Foliar fertilization specifically targets turfgrass leaves as the site for nutrient application and absorption, while other liquid methods deliver substantial nutrient to the thatch and soil ultimately available for root absorption. 2009-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/282009/609406null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Water-Saving-Turf/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/609405?ref=25 Turfgrasses provide many benefits to the environment including carbon dioxide sequestering, reduction of wind and water erosion, and cooling of the environment. In spite of these documented benefits, there is increasing pressure to reduce the use of grasses — primarily to reduce the water requirements of urban areas. In many settings, turfgrass is watered much more than is required to maintain turf quality, often because of older irrigation systems or failure to understand how to water the grass. However, there are choices that can be made in species and cultivars to reduce water usage. 2009-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/282009/609405null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Environment/Know-Your-Carbon-Footprint/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/608019?ref=25 In these difficult times, many golf courses are "going green" to attract new golfers and, in doing so, are reducing their operating costs. This new philosophy pays off: "Going green" makes good cents. 2009-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/272009/608019null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Environment/The-Making-of-Machrihanish-Dunes/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/608018?ref=25 Just inside dunes in this speck of a town on the Mull of Kintyre in southwestern Scotland, a golf course has come to life. To say it was "built" is somewhat misleading. It's more as if Machrihanish Dunes Golf Club was unfurled or, perhaps, revealed. 2009-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/272009/608018null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/Turf-to-a-Degree/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/596639?ref=25 The survival of cool-season and warm-season varieties may be related to vapor pressure deficit sensitivity at elevated temperatures 2009-04-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/192009/596639null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Turf+maintenance/Proteomics-An-emerging-Technique-for-Studying-Mech/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/596638?ref=25 Our limited knowledge of stress-associated protein metabolism in turfgrass plants remains a major gap in our understanding. 2009-04-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/192009/596638null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Study-Examines-Iron-Deficiency-in-Kentucky-Bluegra/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/591660?ref=25 Based on previous work with other species, we expected susceptibility to Fe-deficiency chlorosis in KBG to be related to a cultivar's inability to produce adequate phytosiderophore. 2009-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/142009/591660null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Soil-Geospatial-Database-Enhances-Soil-Mapping/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/591661?ref=25 The National Soil Geospatial Database (NSGD) will enable the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) to deliver consistent, reliable soil information to golf course superintendents and others in a timely manner for a desired area of interest, overcoming the former county-to-county disparities. 2009-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/142009/591661null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Irrigation/Problems-Surface-with-Effluent-Use-on-Turf-in-the-/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/583245?ref=25 Population increases in the southeastern United States are creating new challenges for turfgrass managers. An important one is the expanded use of sewage effluent as a water source. 2009-02-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/092009/583245null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Nutrients/Understanding-Microbes-Helps-Explain-Nutrient-Cycl/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/583246?ref=25 As urban areas continue to expand into the rural landscape, agricultural land is converted to turfgrass cover in the form of golf courses, parks, athletic fields and lawns. With urbanization expected to increase 79 percent in the United States over the next 25 years (Alig et al, 2004), turfgrass ecosystems inherit an even more prominent role in urban nutrient cycling, water management and carbon interactions. 2009-02-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/092009/583246null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/California-Bulrush-Improves-Wetland-Water-Quality/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/581350?ref=25 As the social demand for a cleaner and better environment grows, more ecological engineering that incorporates phytoremediating plants will be integrated in the architecture and design of better quality human settlements and other social and sport facilities. Blended into the designed landscape, these plants will add æsthetic values of the design while providing a natural way to remove various pollutants and waste. 2008-12-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/072009/581350null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Putting+Greens/Nitrogen-Affects-the-Summer-Density-of-Creeping-Be/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/581349?ref=25 Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Huds. Farw.) is the preferred turfgrass species for golf greens (Beard, 2002). Creeping bentgrass is a cool-season grass that forms an extremely dense, fine-textured, persistent turf that tolerates close (less than 0.125 inches), frequent mowing. During summer months, however, shoot density (SD) often declines, resulting in poor stand quality. Various cultural practices, such as mowing height, fertilization regime, topdressing and vertical mowing, can have an influence on SD. Golf course superintendents utilize several management practices to maintain turf vigor during the summer. One practice is light, frequent, nitrogen (N) fertilization. However, annual N rates vary widely. 2008-12-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/072009/581349null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Mowing/Cultural-Management-Can-Limit-Damage-From-Disease/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/566724?ref=25 Turfgrass diseases can create many headaches for golf course superintendents, and it is tempting to rely on magic bullets to cure them. However, cultural practices are really the foundation of a turfgrass disease control program. 2008-11-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/472008/566724null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Putting+Greens/Colonial-Bentgrass-Can-Lower-Fairway-Inputs/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/566723?ref=25 By Stacy A. Bonos 2008-11-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/472008/566723null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/ryegrass/Are-Etiolated-Tillers-A-Visual-Nuisance-or-Somethi/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/562657?ref=25 Have you ever noticed the distinct, visual appearance of elongated or etiolated turfgrass leaf blades on tees, fairways or greens? In areas where the turfgrass surface is perfectly even and manicured, you might have noticed an occasional leaf blade stretching upward an inch or more above the neatly mowed canopy. The typical etiolated leaf blade has an abnormal appearance of a yellow or light-green color. Incidentally, the term etiolated is derived from the French etioler, which means to grow pale and weak (Salisbury). By definition, etiolation is the growth of shoots in the absence of light or in very low light, which causes stems and leaves to become elongated and also yellow due to the lack of chlorophyll (McMahon). 2008-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/442008/562657null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/continuing+education/European-Turfgrass-Society-Holds-First-Conference/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/562656?ref=25 As the European Union has been evolving and growing in recent years, many European turfgrass scientists in academia and industry, as well as turfgrass practitioners, have formed a network of connections to diffuse and share turfgrass information throughout Europe. As a result, the European Turfgrass Society (ETS) formed on July 6, 2007, as many European turfgrass-related scientists and industry representatives gathered to officially ratify the organization in Pisa, Italy. 2008-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/442008/562656null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Annual+Bluegrass/Timely-Fungicide-Applications-Salinity-Reduction-H/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/555241?ref=25 Rapid blight is a relatively new turfgrass disease (Stowell et al., 2005). It was first described in 1995 when microscopic football-shaped structures were routinely observed within leaf cells in symptomatic cool-season turfgrasses, but their identity and relevance to disease remained a mystery for several years. 2008-09-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/402008/555241null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/alternative+fuels/Fryer-Fat-as-Fuel/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/555242?ref=25 Part 1 of this series published in August explained how to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil at your golf facility. But some people aren't big fans of handling all the necessary chemicals necessary to induce the transesterfication process, which converts the raw vegetable oil into a usable diesel fuel by lowering its viscosity through replacing the glycerol bond with an alcohol bond. Don't worry if you fall among this group, there is another option: straight and waste vegetable oil. Using straight vegetable oil in your diesel equipment poses no more risk to the machinery than regular biodiesel and is actually more environmentally responsible and cost effective. 2008-09-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/402008/555242null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Grounds+Maintenance/Biofuels-Help-Power-Kentucky-Operation/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/533826?ref=25 When I started using vegetable oil to make biodiesel three years ago, it was mainly due to my staunch environmental principles that I've applied to my career in golf course management. I feel biofuels are the best option, environmentally, for fueling my diesel equipment. The economics of using vegetable oil to make biodiesel was never my primary motive for developing and implementing my alternative fuel program. But three years later, while experiencing the highest diesel fuel prices on record, these alternative fuels are helping me keep my maintenance budget in line. 2008-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322008/533826null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Alternative+Turfgrass+Cultivars/Improved-Zoysia-Cultivar-Could-Have-Use-in-Transit/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/533827?ref=25 The northern border of the turfgrass transition zone in the United States is roughly Interstate 70 from Maryland through eastern Kansas. The southern boundary is roughly the southern borders of North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee (Dunn and Diesburg, 2004). Whether or not a particular warm-season turfgrass species or cultivar will perform well in the transition zone is usually determined by its ability to persist through the coldest of winters. Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) are used throughout the transition zone and heralded for their heat and drought tolerance. Buffalograss is the most tolerant to cold among the three species with LT50s (the temperature that is lethal to 50 percent of the population) ranging from -14.0 to -21.7 degrees Celsius (Qian et al., 2001), followed by zoysiagrass (-8.4 to -11.5 C) (Patton and Reicher, 2007), and bermudagrass (-7.0 to -11.0 C) (Anderson et al., 1988, 1993). 2008-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322008/533827null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Zoysiagrass/Secrets-to-Controlling-Hunting-Billbug-Reside-in-W/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/533824?ref=25 Billbugs are well known insect pests of turf in many parts of the world. Historically, this has been true in the United States in areas where cool-season turfgrass, such as bluegrass, is grown. In these regions, research on the bluegrass billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, has been quite thorough, and its biology and ecology is well understood. The billbugs have one generation per year, overwinter as adults, and the larvæ are the damaging stage of the life cycle. Other species found in the Northeast to a lesser degree include S. inæqualis (Say), S. minimus Hart, S. coesifrons Gyllenhal, S. venatus vestitus (Say). 2008-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322008/533824null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Industry+Issues/Gene-Flow-Study-in-Genetically-Altered-Crops-Helps/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/533825?ref=25 Genetic improvement of plants through the introduction of a variety of traits — such as tolerance to insects, disease, chemicals, drought or fewer nutrients — is common in agriculture throughout the world. Traditional approaches, such as classical breeding, induced mutagenesis or wide crossing, have a long track record of success. Transgenic technologies, in which genes conferring useful traits of interest are transferred between different species, have been used for genetic improvement for little more than a decade. 2008-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/322008/533825null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Irrigation/Recycled-Wastewater-Instigates-Different-Responses/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/527764?ref=25 As the population of Colorado's Front Range continues to grow, increased use of recycled wastewater (RWW, or effluent water, is viewed as one of the approaches to maximize the existing water resource and stretch Colorado's urban water supplies. While Colorado is famed for its mountains covered with snow, that does not necessarily translate into unlimited use of fresh water for golf course or landscape use. 2008-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/272008/527764null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Alternative+Turfgrass+Cultivars/Large-scale-Production-Promising-For-Louisiana-Smo/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/527766?ref=25 Native to salt marshes along the eastern U.S. seaboard and the Gulf coast, smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) can also be found in the estuarine around Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Asia. Because it is the predominant plant species in coastal salt marshes, a current practice in coastal erosion control and habitat restoration involves the use of S. alterniflora. 2008-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/272008/527766null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Irrigation/Fertigation-Finds-Favor-Among-More-Superintendents/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/527765?ref=25 Fertigation is getting more popular because it's getting less intricate, golf course superintendents say. 2008-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/272008/527765null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Disease+Control/P-volutum-Can-be-the-Cause-for-Pythium-Root-Dysfun/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/519029?ref=25 Since 2002, many golf course superintendents in the southeastern United States have reported unusual patches appearing on their creeping bentgrass greens. Symptoms appeared during the heat of summer in irregular patches ranging from 6 inches to 12 inches in diameter. 2008-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/222008/519029null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Bentgrass/Wetting-Agents-Provide-Ways-to-Manage-Summer-Stres/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/519030?ref=25 Plots receiving wetting agents showed better turf quality under drought conditions. 2008-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/222008/519030null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Environment/Environmental-Stewardship-Produces-Economic-Advant/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/519031?ref=25 The term "environomics" is a reference to a synergistic blend of environmental stewardship and economics. The superintendent who elevates his programs to this level is truly setting a high standard of excellence. 2008-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/222008/519031null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Pest+Control/Modern-Insecticides-Including-Combo-Products-Fit-N/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/519028?ref=25 This installment on the discussion of integrated pest management (IPM) begins with the premise that challenges have emerged as we have new products that have a more favorable environmental profile but might need to be applied in a more preventive manner. We pick up with that concept in part two and look further at newer chemistries and how they fit into what we do each day. 2008-04-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/222008/519028null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Annual+Bluegrass/Preventive-ABW-Programs-Can-Encourage-Resistance/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/519027?ref=25 The regular rotation of fungicides from different classes, adherence to label rates and the avoidance or wall-to-wall applications are imperative to avoid developing insecticide resistance. 2008-04-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/222008/519027null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/integrated+pest+management/Do-Modern-Insecticides-Defeat-IPM-Concepts/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/508964?ref=25 Many of the older organophosphates offered flexibility, but various human health, regulatory, environmental and business issues began to take their toll in the 1990s. 2008-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/152008/508964null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Weed+Control/Bermuda-Control-Advances/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/508965?ref=25 Some love it, others hate it. Common bermudagrass is an aggressive warm-season grass that is well-adapted in areas where cool-season turf species are desirable. It spreads and reproduces by seed production, stolons and rhizomes. Once bermudagrass invades cool-season turf, it is persistent and very difficult to control. Bermudagrass negatively impacts aesthetics of a cool-season rough or fairway by disrupting uniformity due to its course texture and its dormant tan to brown color after frosts. 2008-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/152008/508965null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Annual+Bluegrass/Controlling-Your-Poa/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/508963?ref=25 The presence of perennial Poa biotypes can lead to erratic control and require a program that spans several years. 2008-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/152008/508963null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Alternative+Turfgrass+Cultivars/Buffalograss-Moves-From-Rough-Grass-to-Fairway-Pot/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/508378?ref=25 I am often asked, "Does buffalograss have a role as a golf course turf?" My response, of course, is, "Yes!" It is an excellent selection for roughs and a recent release, Prestige (Photo 1), has strong potential for use as a fairway turf. 2008-02-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/152008/508378null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Annual+Bluegrass/Poa-Annua-Suppression-With-Velocity-Plus-PGRs-Requ/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/508377?ref=25 Superintendents use a variety of chemicals to maintain fairways at the desired quality level. Some of these chemicals include plant growth regulators (PGRs) and herbicides (pre-emergent and postemergent). Two separate field trials were conducted during a two-year period to evaluate the impact of bispyribac-sodium (Velocity) herbicide treatments as impacted by pre-emergent herbicide and commonly used PGRs. 2008-02-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/152008/508377null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Environment/Preserving-Stream-Corridors-Mitigates-Erosion-Poll/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/485067?ref=25 Golf courses, like most outdoor recreation facilities, can be highly compatible with restoring and maintaining natural stream corridors. Riparian corridors, normally including most of the floodplain, are complex ecosystems that require a balance among several factors: hydrology, geomorphology and biology. In layman's terms, that's water, ground and plant and animal life. 2008-01-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/032008/485067null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Industry+Issues/High-Tech-Tools-Mow-Down-Test-Turfgrass-in-Greenho/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/485066?ref=25 Imagine mowing your rough with scissors. That was threatening to be the situation for students at Virginia Tech as we continued to add greenhouse research trials to the project's docket. 2008-01-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/032008/485066null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Look-Up-in-the-Sky-/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/480942?ref=25 While there are trees on the sides of the corridors, the corridors are wide enough to allow ample sunlight to reach the turf. 2007-12-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/522007/480942null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Insecticide/Coping-with-Nematodes-Sans-Fenamiphos/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/480012?ref=25 Across the northeastern United States, superintendents continue to deal with damaging levels of plant-parasitic nematodes. Although every golf course has some level of plant-parasitic nematodes, not every course experiences extremely high populations or observes nematode-related damage. Those courses most at risk for nematode damage are built on silty native soils where Poa annua is the dominant turf species. 2007-12-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/512007/480012null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Industry+Issues/Bentgrass-Cultivars-Outgrow-Some-Pests/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/472421?ref=25 In the early days of golf course construction in the United States, putting greens were originally planted as a species mixture that contained a combination of creeping, colonial and velvet bentgrass referred to as South German bentgrass. This mixture was suitable for putting greens because it tolerated the mowing heights of the time and most importantly was widely available. 2007-11-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/462007/472421null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Industry+Issues/Dark-Green-Varieties-Continue-to-Dominate-Turfgras/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/472422?ref=25 Lower-input turfgrasses are getting more emphasis today, but traits that make turf tolerant to heat, drought, herbicides and disease are controlled by multiple traits. 2007-11-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/462007/472422null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Industry+Issues/Sprayable-Sex-Pheromones-Disrupt-Oriental-Beetle-M/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/464884?ref=25 The oriental beetle (OB), Anomala orientalis, has become the most important white grub species in turfgrass in New Jersey, southeastern New York, Connecticut and Rhode Island. It is also the major white grub species in ornamental nurseries and blueberries, and it causes losses in other crops. An increase in OB significance may occur in other areas where it is already established, such as all of coastal New England and Middle Atlantic states as well as Ohio, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, West Virginia and Tennessee. 2007-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/412007/464884null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Industry+Issues/Curative-Programs-for-Bluegrass-Weevil-Larvae-Requ/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/464883?ref=25 The Annual Bluegrass Weevil (ABW) is a pest of highly maintained, short-cut turfgrasses. Historically, this beetle in the weevil family has been a problem in the northeastern United States. However, during the past few years, the ABW has become a serious pest throughout the entire Mid-Atlantic region. 2007-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/412007/464883null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Fertilizer/Kelp-Helps-Root-Mass-in-Turf/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/458034?ref=25 Kelp, better known as seaweed, has been used as a fertilizer on turf for many years. It is also the most universally recognized natural biostimulant and is the most widely used biostimulant in both agriculture and turfgrass management (Hattori, 1999). It contains many important plant growth regulators, such as auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins. It also contains micronutrients to enhance a plant's ability to resist pest and disease attack (Hattori, 1999). 2007-09-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/382007/458034null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Bermudagrass/Removal-of-Overseeded-Ryegrass-Best-in-Heat-of-Sum/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/458033?ref=25 On golf courses, overseeding of bermudagrass fairways, tees and approaches continues to be common practice because it allows for an actively growing and aesthetically pleasing turf all year long. This is of particular importance at golf clubs that rely on resort play. Although overseeding is aesthetically pleasing and provides an actively growing playing surface when bermudagrass is otherwise dormant, overseeding can be a maintenance and agronomic nightmare. Overseeding bermudagrass increases maintenance costs and poses agronomic issues that can threaten the health of the underlying bermudagrass. 2007-09-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/382007/458033null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Fertilizer/Turfgrass-Root-Growth-Increasing-Nitrate-Metabolis/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/450142?ref=25 Recent evidence might cast the nitrate problem in a somewhat different light and can offer a few solutions. 2007-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/332007/450142null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Insecticide/Timing-Crucial-With-Neonicotinoids/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/450141?ref=25 When using the insecticides in the neonicotinoid family, a key to success is timing the application of materials correctly. 2007-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/332007/450141null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Bentgrass/How-Do-The-New-Bentgrasses-Stack-Up/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/442840?ref=25 Several studies throughout the United States document the performance of the most recent generation of bentgrass that arrived on the scene in the 1990s. One study in central North Carolina evaluated 20 cultivars at two locations (Durham and Pinehurst) and reported that all cultivars tested provided appearance or quality equal or better than Penncross (Bruneau et al., 2001). 2007-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/292007/442840null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/Recognizing-the-Nitrate-Effect-on-Root-Growth-and-/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/445594?ref=25 Recent evidence might cast the nitrate problem in a somewhat different light and may offer a few solutions. 2007-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/312007/445594null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Insecticide/Neonicotinoids-Show-Good-Control-With-Sucking-Inse/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/442839?ref=25 Over the last decade, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been undergoing the process of reviewing previously registered pesticides under the dictates of the Food Quality Protection Act. This process uses higher standards for pesticide residues, potential exposure to "higher risk" groups such as children and pregnant women, total lifetime exposures and other factors. 2007-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/292007/442839null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Putting+Greens/Soil-Profile-Dictates-Topdressing-Programs/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/433340?ref=25 Topdressing, or the regular application of thin layers of sand to golf course putting greens, has been used as an important cultural practice since the early days of Old Tom Morris at St. Andrews Golf Links (Labbance and Witteveen, 2002). The benefits of sand topdressing for thatch management and surface firmness, smoothness and grain control are well recognized. 2007-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/242007/433340null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Putting+Greens/Establishing-Bentgrass-Can-Be-Difficult-With-Subsu/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/433338?ref=25 Water limitations all across the Southwest have placed increased demands for water conservation on golf courses and other recreational fields. Most superintendents irrigate courses using over-the-top sprinklers. An alternate method to the over-the-top sprinkler irrigation could be using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). 2007-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/242007/433338null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Bermudagrass/Bermudagrasses-Show-Diverse-Responses-to-Shade/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/433339?ref=25 Enhance turf performance in shade by raising mowing heights, applying growth regulators and reducing nitrogen rates. 2007-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/242007/433339null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Soil/Soil-Compaction-Prolongs-Establishment/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/426577?ref=25 Wear and soil compaction are the major cause for turfgrass stress under intense traffic typical of golf courses and athletic field turf. That traffic can be broken down into two separate stresses, wear and soil compaction (Carrow and Petrovic, 1992). 2007-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/202007/426577/thumb_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/202007/426577null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Putting+Greens/Calcium-Nitrate-Promotes-Best-Perennial-Ryegrass-S/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/429937?ref=25 Many different sources of N (nitrogen) are used in the turfgrass industry. They are generally classified as quick-release and slow-release sources. Quick release N sources are water soluble and contain N in the NO 2007-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/222007/429937null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Putting+Greens/Velvet-Offers-A-Low-Input-Option-to-Creeping-Bent/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/420500?ref=25 Golf course putting greens are commonly seeded with creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera, L.) primarily due to its history as a high-performance turfgrass that can withstand low cutting heights. Establishment practices are well-documented for creeping bentgrass (CBG), as are management practices such as cultivation and fertility level (Beard, 1973). 2007-04-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/162007/420500null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Soil/Do-Humic-Substances-Bolster-Water-and-Nutrient-Ava/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/420498?ref=25 Increasingly, products containing humic substances are appearing in the turf industry market claiming to reduce water and fertilizer use by increasing soil moisture and nutrient availability. Humic acid is the most common humic substance that has been studied, but results have been highly variable (Cooper et al., 1998). The response of humic acid is difficult to interpret due to confounding effects of nutrients and other ingredients often included in humic substance products (Karnok, 2000). 2007-04-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/162007/420498null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Industry+Issues/Whats-the-Future-of-Perfect-Turf/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/413179?ref=25 Even Augusta National Golf Club looked shaggy and unkempt as late as 1948. 2007-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/122007/413179/tgt03_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/122007/413179null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Drainage/Bolster-Turfs-Ability-to-Use-Natural-Defense-Again/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/413180?ref=25 Several years of research at Virginia Tech indicate that improving certain rootzone environment conditions, particularly overcoming water repellency and providing consistent water availability, enhanced turf ability to avoid drought stress resulting in more efficient photosynthesis and greater up-regulation of defenses for tolerating stress. 2007-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/122007/413180null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Disease+Control/Cultural-Practices-as-Important-as-Chemicals-for-B/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/405840?ref=25 Without competition from the bentgrass stand, blue-green algae growth can expand over the entire golf green. 2007-02-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/082007/405840null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Weed+Control/Glyphosate-Resistance-Prompts-Integrated-Managemen/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/405841?ref=25 Repeated use of the same herbicide is the main reason for weed resistance to herbicides worldwide. The widespread use of glyphosate-tolerant crops and repeated use of glyphosate herbicide is slowly resulting in glyphosate resistance and shifts in weed species. 2007-02-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/082007/405841null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/Computer-Simulation-Tracks-Water-Flow-in-Greens-Pa/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/398755?ref=25 In the December issue, we reviewed the need for a more accurate method for evaluating water flow in the three common types of greens: USGA (United States Golf Association), California and push-up. This month, we look at the results from the simulations. 2007-01-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/032007/398755null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Additional-Charts/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/399183?ref=25 Additional Charts - January Featured Research 2007-01-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/032007/399183null PDF http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Herbicide/Season-Zone-Dictate-Weed-Control-in-Seeded-Tall-Fe/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/398754?ref=25 Weed control during establishment of tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass from seed is difficult for many reasons. First, many herbicides normally considered safe on fully established stands of both grasses can be detrimental to newly developing seedlings. Herbicides containing broadleaf herbicides, such as 2,4-D and dicamba, can injure developing seedlings so severely that if applied to seedlings under the wrong conditions, a delayed turfgrass development can occur. 2007-01-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/032007/398754null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Drainage/Computer-Simulation-Tracks-Water-Flow-in-Greens/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/390147?ref=25 Putting green soil profiles are frequently classified into three general categories: USGA (United States Golf Association), California and push-up greens. The USGA and California profiles are purposely constructed with each documented by written guidelines (USGA Green Section Staff, 1993; Davis et al., 1990). Push-up green soil profiles, on the other hand, have evolved from decades of sand topdressing applied to native soil. Whereas each has a sandy surface layer, or root zone, the thickness of this layer and the type of material underlying the sandy root zone varies for each particular category. 2006-12-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/492006/390147null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Disease+Control/Predicting-Nematode-Populations-Can-Pre-empt-Disea/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/390146?ref=25 Nematodes are one of the few turf pathogens that can be managed using an integrated pest management strategy. Because plant-parasitic nematodes are ubiquitous in turfgrass soils, it would be impractical and impossible to eliminate them. Thus, turf managers in the Northeast must live with a certain number of plant-parasitic nematodes in any turfgrass stand. When the population of nematodes reaches a high level, it may cross a disease threshold, and symptoms might be observed. When this occurs, treatment is warranted to knock the nematode numbers below the disease threshold. 2006-12-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/492006/390146null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Poa+annua/Four-Tips-to-Interseed-Bentgrass-into-Poa-annua/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/383551?ref=25 Establishing creeping bentgrass into an existing stand of annual bluegrass (Poa annua) while the turf is in play has been an elusive goal of many golf course superintendents. Years ago I learned the hard way just how challenging it can be. 2006-11-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/442006/383551null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Herbicides/Herbicide-Trials-Show-Mostly-Short-term-Injury-to-/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/383552?ref=25 Until recently, seeded bermudagrass (Cynodon spp. L.) cultivars were considered of low quality and did not perform as well as vegetative hybrids such as Tifway or Midlawn. Although lower-quality, seeded cultivars provided an adequate turf for home lawns and utility areas, they did not produce an acceptable turf for golf course, sports field or other high-maintenance applications. 2006-11-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/442006/383552null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Cover+Story/Roundup-Ready-Creeping-Bent-has-Application-Trial/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/378755?ref=25 Roundup Ready creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) (RRCB) is a product of The Scotts Co. and Monsanto that is similar to Roundup Ready agricultural crops that have been commercially available for several years. However, if Roundup Ready creeping bentgrass is approved and receives federal registration, it will be the first genetically modified turfgrass. Recently, much research has been initiated to investigate various applications as well as potential areas of concern associated with RRCB. 2006-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/412006/378755/thumb_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/412006/378755null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/October-2006-Additional-Charts/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/379631?ref=25 October 2006: Additional Charts 2006-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/422006/379631null HTML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/Scientists-Unveil-Bermudagrass-Genetic-Map/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/378756?ref=25 Bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) is a resilient perennial grass popular in the golf and turfgrass industries, owing to its ability to generate a variety of textures, its rapid recovery, and its low-growing nature that allows it to tolerate very close mowing. It is widely used in landscaping because of its ability to grow well in a wide range of soil conditions, as well as its fast growth rate. Seeded bermudagrass can spread to provide full coverage of 1,000 square feet within four to six weeks after planting, and it maintains active growth through the warm summer when many other grasses temporarily decline. 2006-10-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/412006/378756null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Cover+Story/White-Grubs-Still-Pose-Challenge-to-Turfgrass-Rese/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/374810?ref=25 White grubs have been one of the key insect pests of turfgrass throughout the world and in particular in the United States. Very few locations that can grow quality turf are immune to potential damage from the larv? of a number of beetles. The feeding of the grubs damages turfgrass by destroying the integrity of the root system, loosening the soil and often attracting various predators that destroy the turf to gain access to the grubs as food. 2006-09-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/392006/374810null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/Salt-Tolerance-in-Seashore-Paspalum/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/374811?ref=25 Salinity problems have become increasingly more prevalent in managed turfgrass over the last 10 years. Emphasis on water conversation strategies that use non-potable, alternative irrigation sources has been a primary contributor (Marcum, 2004). 2006-09-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/392006/374811null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/PGRs-Effect-on-Root-Growth/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/362620?ref=25 Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often applied to highly managed, cool-season turfgrasses every few weeks throughout the growing season to reduce clipping production, increase sward density, reduce seedhead formation and enhance sward color (Lickfeldt et al., 2001). Because PGRs reduce vertical shoot growth, some investigators have theorized that root growth may be enhanced through basal photoassimilate transport (Kaufmann et al., 1983). 2006-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/312006/362620/thumb_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/312006/362620null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Need+to+Know/System-Pinpoints-Stressed-Turfgrass/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/362619?ref=25 Turfgrass managers spend a significant amount of time monitoring their turfgrass fertility and irrigation programs to ensure the most efficient use of their resources while minimizing potential environmental impacts. 2006-08-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/312006/362619/thumb_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/312006/362619null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/Try-These-Tips-on-Pesticide-Efficacy-Formulations-/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/356319?ref=25 Granulars may be more useful if posttreatment irrigation must be delayed and may be safer to handle than sprayable formulations. 2006-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/282006/356319/thumb_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/282006/356319null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Cover+Story/What-Makes-Kentucky-Bluegrass-Wear-Tolerant/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/356318?ref=25 Wear tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass increased as leaf angle from horizontal increased and as shoot moisture content decreased. 2006-07-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/282006/356318/thumb_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/282006/356318null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Cover+Story/Mowing-Practices-Reduce-Runoff-From-Turf/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/337612?ref=25 We have known for some time that grasses forming a contiguous ground cover are very effective for reducing runoff and sediment losses from agricultural areas. Managed turfgrasses tend to prevent runoff extremely well because they form a dense cover near ground level due to regular mowing. In fact, researchers at the University of Maryland found that tall fescue sod was more effective for reducing runoff than manmade materials designed specifically for that purpose (Krenitsky et al, 1998). 2006-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/252006/337612/thumb_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/252006/337612null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/Cultivars-Cutting-Heights-Affect-Black-Cutworm-Fee/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/337613?ref=25 Throughout much of the cool-humid region and upper-transition zone of the United States, the most widely planted species for golf course roughs and lawns has been Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). This is due to its pleasing dark-green color, wear tolerance and recuperative capacity. 2006-06-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/252006/337613/thumb_thumbnail.jpg http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/252006/337613null XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/How-to-Grow-Turf-in-Shade/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/325487?ref=25 There are few conditions more detrimental to turfgrass growth than shade. Low light levels result in poor photosynthesis, low energy levels and general turfgrass decline. Changes in light quality encourage rapid vertical shoot growth, resulting in less energy for root growth (Bell et al., 2000). In most cases, tree roots compete with shaded turf for water and nutrients and surrounding vegetation or structures restrict airflow. 2006-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/192006/325487/thumb_thumbnail.jpg XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/Combination-Material-Teams-Up-on-Turf-Diseases/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/325776?ref=25 Research on a new combination material shows promise against two important diseases of creeping bentgrass: dollar spot and brown patch. 2006-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/192006/325776/thumb_thumbnail.jpg XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Cover+Story/Remote-Sensing-Technology-Detects-Turfgrass-Stress/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/325486?ref=25 Maintaining high-quality turf can be time consuming and requires costly equipment. Despite the progress made in the development of time-saving maintenance machines and other supporting technical equipment, a considerable amount of hand labor is still required to adequately maintain golf courses and high-end athletic fields. 2006-05-01T04:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/192006/325486/thumb_thumbnail.jpg XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/CaSi-Doesnt-Strengthen-Creeping-Bent-Tall-Fescue-A/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/320347?ref=25 Research at a nursery putting green at the Kansas City Country Club investigated whether silicon (Si) as a turf nutrient can help prevent brown patch, dollar spot and other diseases on creeping bentgrass and tall fescue. 2006-04-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/162006/320347/thumb_thumbnail.jpg XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Cover+Story/Patterns-of-Disease-Understanding-the-Nature-of-Do/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/320348?ref=25 Does dollar spot occur in a pattern? How does that pattern (if it occurs) change over a season? What are the management issues raised by the results? The answers to these questions will lead to a better understanding of this important turfgrass pathogen. 2006-04-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/162006/320348/thumb_thumbnail.jpg XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Featured+Research/Goosegrass-Shows-No-Tolerance-to-Compaction/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/313392?ref=25 Goosegrass is a serious weed problem in golf and sports bermudagrass turf in warm climates. The author reviews recent research into cultural and chemical management options. 2006-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/112006/313392/thumb_thumbnail.jpg XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Cover+Story/Alternative-Tine-Entry-Angles-Make-Subtle-Impact-o/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/313393?ref=25 The authors hypothesize that aerifying with different tine entry angles will impact a greater surface area, thereby enhancing water infiltration rates, reducing localized dry spots and enhancing turfgrass quality. They describe their research to determine the effects of tine diameter and entry angle on a creeping bentgrass putting green surface. 2006-03-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/112006/313393/thumb_thumbnail.jpg XML http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/Cover+Story/Glyphosate-Runoff-on-Fairway-Falls-Below-EPA-Limit/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/309135?ref=25 This USGA-funded study focused on observing the fate of glyphosate following Roundup applications at Colbert Hills Golf Course in Manhattan, KS. 2006-02-01T05:00:00Z http://www.turfgrasstrends.com/turfgrasstrends/data/articlestandard/turfgrasstrends/082006/309135/thumb_thumbnail.jpg XML